In addition to the preparation of water values, planning should be started to ensure that the indoor environment where the facility will be located is perfect and in cooperation with the facility.
Great design starts from the foundation.
CEA . Controlled Environment Agriculture
It will be easier to maintain the water temperature in the facility you will install in a building with controlled air conditioning conditions.
In this way, the entire load will not remain in the chiller.
Install the Facility exactly as you need it. Nothing more, nothing less.
Each extra square meter means cubic meters of air to be heated or cooled.
Multi-storey facilities allow you to take advantage of the force of gravity.
In this way, you can always collect the return water back with the force of gravity. Without the need for any extra electricity consumption. Easily installed mezzanine floors allow this.
Installation costs will be less and the total electrical load of the facility will be lower.
Water Chemistry Monitoring . Spectrophotometers & Reactives & Multi Parameters
Cultivation Using Probiotic in Semi Intensive Pond
Probiotic bacteria are able to accelerate the breakdown of organic waste into minerals that are useful for phytoplankton in a pond so that the regeneration process of nutrients has been applied faster .
Importance of Heat Factor Q10
For ectothermal animals—which include bacteria, insects, zooplankton, frogs and turtles as well as fish—temperature is a critical environmental factor that strongly influences feeding and growth. Also, fish are stressed and disease outbreaks occur after a sudden temperature change or when temperatures are chronically near their maximum tolerance.
Temperature shock, which will stress or cause high mortality of fish, occurs when fish are
moved from one environment to another without gradual acclimation (“tempered”) to the other
temperature. Reported that 0.2°C/minute (12°C/hour) can be tolerated “provided the
total change in temperature does not exceed a few degrees.”
The use of lime in pond sediments and water
When and why do you need to use lime in prawn ponds? Liming is a general term that refers to the application of calcium and/or magnesium oxides or carbonates to ponds for management of the soils and the water column. They can be applied before and during the crop and can be effective in:
Increasing pH (alkalinity) and hardness in the water column
Plankton Management
As prawns spend most of their time on the pond bottom, the dead algae can clog their gills, and create low oxygen conditions. Plankton blooms also play an important role in soaking up ammonia, a form of nitrogen toxic to prawns in high concentrations. Additionally they produce oxygen during the daytime, but this is counteracted by their consuming oxygen at night.
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Feed Management
Prawns need regular feeding because they have small stomachs and rapid digestion. Although the manufactured feeds are designed to remain stable for about three hours, soluble compounds such as feeding attractants and essential nutrients can leach from the pellet very quickly. So feeding smaller amounts regularly is a more effective strategy to maximise the food conversion ratio over the entire crop.
BioMass
Biomass (kg) = daily feed eaten (kg)/(% body weight eaten per day/100)
Number of prawns in pond = 1000 × biomass (kg)/average size (g)
Percentage survival rate = 100 × number of prawns in pond/original stocking number
Salinity
A mixture of salts contribute to the salinity of seawater. The most prevalent salt is typically sodium choride (table salt, NaCl). Salts are compounds that when dissolved in water dissociate into positively charged ions (called cations) and negatively charged ions (called anions). The most common cations in seawater are sodium (Na+), magnesium (Mg++), calcium (Ca++), and postassium (K+). The most common anions are chloride (Cl-), sulfate (SO4=), bicarbonate (HCO3-), and bromide (Br-).
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Plankton Boom
The two biological factors that affect the D.O. level are respiration and photosynthesis. Respiration removes oxygen from the water, while photosynthesis adds oxygen to the water. The rate of oxygen consumption by respiration is dependent upon water temperature and the total biomass of animals, plants, and aerobic bacteria in the system. Accumulation of solid wastes within the system will dramatically increase the biomass of heterotrophic bacteria, resulting in a very large oxygen demand. Careful attention should be paid to solids removal when designing your system to avoid this problem.
pH
pH is defined as the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration. Because pH is the negative log of the hydrogen concentration, low pH values indicate high hydrogen ion concentrations, while high pH values indicate low hydrogen ion concentrations. The pH scale ranges from 0-14. Each pH unit represents a ten-fold difference in hydrogen ion concentration. Water with a pH of 7 has a hydrogen ion concentration of 10-7(10üzeri7)moles/L, while water with a pH of 8 has a hydrogen ion concentration of 10-8(10üzeri8) moles/L. Aqueous solutions with pH values less than 7.0 are considered to be acidic, while those with pH values greater than 7.0 are considered to be basic. A solution with a pH of 7.0 is considered to be neutral. Freshwater usually has a pH near 7 whereas the pH of seawater is usually near 8.3.
Dissolved Carbon Dioxide
Respiration is the source of most dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2) in the system water. Dissolved carbon dioxide concentrations often bear an inverse relation to dissolved oxygen concentrations. High concentrations of carbon dioxide interfere with the ability of shrimp to
extract oxygen from the water, reducing the tolerance of the shrimp to low oxygen conditions. In extreme cases, shrimp may die from asphyxiation even when there is adequate oxygen present in thewater.
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Ammonia and Biolojical Filter
Ammonia is the principle nitrogenous waste-product excreted by shrimp and most other aquatic organisms. Much of the nitrogen from protein in the feed that is added to a culture tank is converted into ammonia. Most of the feed that is ingested by the shrimp is assimilated and the proteins are metabolized by the shrimp. Ammonia, a major by-product of protein metabolism, is excreted across the gills of the shrimp. Heterotrophic bacteria utilize uneaten feed, fecal wastes or other decaying organic material as a protein source and convert
the protein nitrogen into inorganic ammonia, which is excreted. This process, in which organic nitrogen from proteins is converted into inorganic nitrogen (NH3), is called mineralization. Nearly 85% of the nitrogen in the feed fed to shrimp in the culture tanks will end up as ammonia.
A biofilter is simply a device that provides a large amount of surface area for the nitrifying bacteria to grow When a new system is started up, the biofilter will not be active. Before stocking animals into the system, the biofilter will need to be conditioned. During the conditioning period an inorganic source of ammonia, such as ammonium chloride, is added to the system. A source of inorganic nitrite, such as sodium nitrite, can also be added to the system water to accelerate the conditioning process As the ammonia concentration falls, the nitrite concentration rises. The nitrite levels will peak and then begin to fall as the Nitrobacter population becomes established. Chronic overfeeding may lead to a buildup of uneaten feed in the culture tank and in sumps and filters. In addition to causing high ammonia levels, decomposing feed in a tank can serve as a substrate for Vibrio bacteria. These bacteria may infect and kill shrimp, especially if high ammonia levels have weakened the disease resistance of the shrimp. High ammonia levels may be indicative of a problem with the biofilter. The effectiveness of the biofilter can be determined by measuring the efficiency of the biofilter. Biofilter efficiency is a measure of the percentage of ammonia (or nitrite) removed by the biofilter in a single pass:
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Nitrite
If chloride concentrations in the water are at least six times the concentration of nitrite, then nitrite is not transported across the gill membranes and the toxic effects of nitrite are avoided. The mechanism of nitrite toxicity is not well understood in shrimp, which have a different blood pigment (hemocyanin) than fish. The mechanism may be similar, since high nitrite levels reduce the tolerance of shrimp to low oxygen levels. Although a high chloride concentration provides some protection against nitrite toxicity it does not provide complete protection.
Nitrate
The biofilter contains another nitrifying bacteria, Nitrobacter, that oxidizes nitrite to nitrate (NO3). Nitrate is virtually non-toxic.
Alkalinity
Alkalinity is defined as the sum of exchangeable bases reacting to neutralize acid when an acid is added to water. In other words, alkalinity is the buffering capacity of water. This buffering capacity is primarily due to bicarbonates (HCO3-), carbonates (CO3–), hydroxides
(OH-) or a mixture of these. As mentioned earlier in the section on pH, sufficient alkalinity will help moderate pH swings from photosynthesis and respiration.
Quality of water is more important than Quantity
Alkalinity to CO2 Concentration
Tem+pH=TAN
Active Carbon
SX = ( Xout – Xin ) * Q / Bt
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Stock only postlarvae that have acceptable test results in terms of pathogen prevalence and load.
Do not exceed optimal stocking densities.
Eliminate or reduce risk from potential ‘vectors’ (infectioncarrying agents) on the farm.
Use water management practices that prevent or reduce contamination by the pathogen.
Reduce the risk of spreading infection between ponds by restricting movements of people, equipment and other possible agents.
Implement a health management program that aims to minimise stress to prawns by optimising the pond environment.
Identify and keep batches of postlarvae/juveniles separate.
Check and manage pond-to-pond and carrier factors.
Maintain pond hygiene and disinfection between production runs or prawn batches, or in a mortality event.
Manage movements of people.
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Quality of water is more important than Quantity